Mohiniyattam

Introduction to Mohiniyattam

Mohiniyattam represents one of the classical dance styles of India, emerging from the southern region of Kerala. It is recognized for its elegant movements, emotive gestures, and detailed footwork, conveying a spectrum of feelings and tales. This dance form is frequently regarded as the feminine equivalent to Kathakali and is profoundly connected with the culture, mythology, and spiritual essence of Kerala.

Historical Background

Origins

1. Mythological Foundations:

   • The term ‘Mohiniyattam’ fuses ‘Mohini’ (the female incarnation of Vishnu) and ‘attam’ (dance). In Hindu mythology, Mohini is celebrated for her captivating beauty and charm, often employed to divert demons during the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan) to obtain the ambrosia of immortality.

2. Historical Progression:

   • This dance style is thought to have developed in the 16th century, though its origins can be linked to early temple performances.
   • Initially, it was showcased in temples as ‘Devadasi’ dance — a tradition where women devoted to temple duties performed for the deities.

3. Impact of Bhakti Movement:

   • The Bhakti movement underscored devotion and spirituality, significantly influencing the themes and presentations found in Mohiniyattam.

Evolution Through Ages

1. Cultural Renaissance:

   • The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a revival of Mohiniyattam, owing to trailblazers like Rukmini Devi Arundale, who redefined and brought the dance form to the forefront beyond temple settings.

2. Institutional Endorsement:

   • The founding of establishments such as Kerala Kalamandalam in 1930 was instrumental in the formal education and distribution of Mohiniyattam.

3. Contemporary Interpretations:

   • Modern choreographers have incorporated progressive themes, broadening the repertoire while preserving the traditional core.

Characteristics of Mohiniyattam

Dance Technique

1. Bhaṅga (Postures):

   • Mohiniyattam showcases a distinctive posture and elegant movements, characterized by subtle bending of the knees and intricate footwork.

2. Mudras (Hand Gestures):

   • This art form utilizes a range of mudras from the classical Indian dance lexicon to articulate emotions and narrate tales.

3. Facial Expressions (Abhinaya):

   • Mohiniyattam strongly focuses on ‘abhinaya’, employing delicate facial expressions to convey the emotional spectrum of the performance.

Costumes and Make-up

1. Attire:

   • Dancers typically adorn a cream-colored sari with a golden trim, which facilitates fluid movement and accentuates the grace of the dance.
   • The sari is draped distinctively, resembling a beautiful flower.

2. Jewelry:

   • Adornments consist of traditional Kerala jewelry crafted from gold, coconut husk, and metallic elements.

3. Make-up:

   • Mohiniyattam is characterized by minimal makeup, striving to enhance natural beauty without overshadowing the fluid movements.

Music and Accompaniment

1. Musical Genre:

   • The music that accompanies Mohiniyattam is primarily Carnatic music, featuring compositions that enhance the narrative quality of the dance.

2. Instruments:

   • Traditional instruments such as the mridangam (drum), flute, and veena are vital for creating the rhythmic and melodic framework.

Themes and Repertoire

Mythological Narratives

1. Divine Dramas:

   • Numerous performances draw inspiration from Hindu mythology, recounting tales of deities, divine beings, and mythical entities.

2. Affection and Devotion:

   • The dance frequently delves into love and devotion toward deities, highlighting the emotional richness of the dancer.

Modern Themes

1. Social Topics:

   • Contemporary choreographers have employed Mohiniyattam to communicate messages regarding current social issues, reflecting a changing social landscape.

2. Fusion Creations:

   • Choreographers have also experimented with blends of Mohiniyattam with other dance styles and artistic forms.

Training and Learning

Traditional Gurukul Method

1. Educational Setting:

   • Historically, dance was imparted in a ‘Gurukul’ framework, where students resided with their mentors to grasp the nuances of the art.

2. Emphasis on Discipline:

   • The training demanded rigorous practice, discipline, and commitment, which are essential for mastering Mohiniyattam.

Modern Education

1. Dance Schools:

   • Numerous dance schools and institutions have been founded across India that provide organized courses on Mohiniyattam.

2. Workshops and Online Instruction:

   • Advancements in technology have facilitated workshops and online instruction, enhancing accessibility for a global audience.

Prominent Exponents of Mohiniyattam

1. Vasundhara Doraswamy:

   • A celebrated dancer recognized for her innovative choreography and interpretations of traditional works.

2. Kottakkal Sreelatha:

   • An essential figure in advancing Mohiniyattam on a global stage, renowned for her lively performances.

3. Anita Ratnam:

   • A notable choreographer and cultural advocate who has made substantial contributions to the modern expression of Mohiniyattam.

Cultural Importance

Preservation of Heritage

1. Art Form as Cultural Heritage:

   • Mohiniyattam serves as a symbol of Kerala’s rich cultural heritage, encapsulating the state’s artistic spirit and religious essence.

2. Identity and Tourism:

   • This dance form has also become a significant aspect of Kerala’s identity, attracting tourists interested in its heritage and culture.

Role in Community

1. Prominent in Celebrations:

   • Mohiniyattam is frequently featured during festivals, temple rituals, and cultural celebrations in Kerala.

2. Empowerment of Women:

   • The dance style fosters the empowerment of women and provides a framework for their artistic expression and cultural participation.

Challenges and Future of Mohiniyattam

1. Preservation vs. Innovation:

   • As modern expressions develop, there is an ongoing balance between preserving traditional components and incorporating contemporary influences.

2. Financial Sustenance:

   • Numerous dancers encounter difficulties regarding financial stability, as classical arts frequently receive minimal support.

3. International Exposure:

   • There is an increasing demand for more global venues where Mohiniyattam can be showcased, ensuring its significance in a worldwide context.

Conclusion

Mohiniyattam embodies more than just a dance; it is a cultural gem that encapsulates the beauty, elegance, and spirituality of Kerala. As it evolves and connects with new audiences, the dance form remains an integral element of India’s rich cultural heritage.

FAQs

1. What differentiates Mohiniyattam from other Indian classical dance styles?

Answer: Mohiniyattam is defined by its graceful, slow, and feminine movements (termed ‘attam’), contrasting with the faster and more vigorous styles seen in other forms like Kathakali or Bharatanatyam.

2. Can men perform Mohiniyattam?

Answer: Traditionally, Mohiniyattam is a female-centric dance. However, in recent times, male performers have started to participate, offering a fresh interpretation of the art.

3. How long does it generally take to learn Mohiniyattam?

Answer: Acquiring proficiency in Mohiniyattam can take several years; commitment, practice, and a skilled instructor are vital for mastering the detailed movements and expressions.

4. What is the significance of attire in Mohiniyattam?

Answer: The costume accentuates fluid movement, and its gentle colors and traditional style reflect Kerala’s culture, enriching the overall visual appeal of the performance.

5. Are there formal institutions for training in Mohiniyattam?

Answer: Yes, there are numerous esteemed institutions, such as Kerala Kalamandalam and various cultural centers, that provide organized training in Mohiniyattam and other classical dance forms.

6. Is Mohiniyattam performed solely in spiritual environments?

Answer: While it began in temples, Mohiniyattam is now performed at various cultural gatherings, festivals, and an increasing number of international venues.

7. In what ways does Mohiniyattam reflect narratives from Indian mythology?

Answer: Mohiniyattam employs narrative techniques, expressions, and topics drawn from Indian mythology to communicate tales of deities, affection, and ethical teachings.

8. What are some essential footwork techniques in Mohiniyattam?

Answer: Techniques consist of intricate footwork sequences (known as ‘chuttal’), characterized by soft and rhythmic beats, contributing to the overall elegance of the dance.

9. How does modern interpretation influence Mohiniyattam?

Answer: Modern interpretations often merge traditional aesthetics with contemporary themes, making the dance more relatable and approachable for today’s audiences while preserving its core essence.

10. Where can one experience Mohiniyattam performances?

Answer: Mohiniyattam performances can be viewed at cultural festivals, traditional art showcases, and specialized dance events throughout India and across the globe, as well as on online platforms.